Medical Publications, continued...
GERIATRIC STROKE – SIEBENS DOMAIN MANAGEMENT MODEL IN TEAM CONFERENCE
Setting: inpatient rehabilitation facility
Kushner DS, Peters K, Johnson-Greene D. Evaluating the Siebens Model in geriatric-stroke inpatient rehabilitation to reduce institutionalization and acute care readmissions. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2016;25:317-326.
Significance: In this study, a subset of stroke patients 75 years of age and older were evaluated. Even in this especially vulnerable group, outcomes were better after the change in team conference format using the SDMM™ and discussion focus on barriers to discharge.
ALL DIAGNOSES – SDMM IN TEAM CONFERENCE
Setting: Inpatient rehabilitation facility
Kushner DS, Peters KM, Johnson-Greene D. Evaluating Siebens Domain Management Model for inpatient rehabilitation to increase functional independence and discharge rate to home in geriatric patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 96:1310-8.
July 2015
Significance: This second study by Dr. Kushner evaluated an especially vulnerable patient population – all inpatient rehabilitation patients who were 75 years of age or older. Both groups totaled over 420 patients. Outcomes were better after using SDMM and the focus on barriers to discharge were instituted in team conferences. Patient function at discharge was significantly better, more patients were discharged back to their own homes in the community, and lengths of stay were shorter. There was no change in the percentage of discharges back to the acute hospital.
CEREBRAL PALSY, POLIO, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, STROKE – KEMP QUALITY OF LIFE MEASURE
Setting: Outpatient
Siebens H, Tsukerman D, Adkins R, Kahan J, Kemp B. Correlates of a single-item quality of life measure in people aging with disabilities. Am J PM&R 2015; 94:1065-1074. OPEN ACCESS
December 2015
Significance: The Kemp Quality of Life Measure, the topic of this study, represents the life work of Bryan Kemp PhD. He spent his career studying individuals aging with disability caused by different conditions. His special expertise was addressing topics related to spinal cord injury. Here are links for Dr. Kemp’s introductory videos. (https://vimeo.com/62132139 and https://vimeo.com/72706232)
This study doesn’t address the Siebens Domain Management Model (SDMM) directly. However, the results provide support for more research on clinicians’ use of the Kemp Quality of Life (KQOL) measure, a one item quick QOL self-rated screening question, during busy clinical practice. When used, patients may cite issues relating to any one of the SDMM domains that are affecting their quality of life.
In my discussions with Dr. Kemp, leading to this study, we reviewed the SDMM framework. I shared that I thought his KQOL measure could help busy clinicians identify areas of concern, and potential clinical relevance, in any of the domains. He responded that in clinical use, in addition to being asked about their current QOL, patients are asked what it would take to move them one unit higher (e.g., if a person scores a 4 on the raw scale, we then ask what it would take to move to a 5). Responses are very revealing and fit well into the SDMM.
Additional research on this measure and its use in clinical care is required.
FAMILY CAREGIVING
Connor KI, Siebens H, Chodosh J. Chapter 14 Person-centered approaches to caregiving. In Family Caregiving in the New Normal. Gaugler J, Kane R. editors, Academic Press, Elsevier 2015 pp. 251-268.
Significance: This book chapter describes newer approaches for helping families in their caregiving. The example of how the SDMM is of benefit, alone or in combination with the Siebens Health Care Notebook, is shared.
REHABILITATION DISCHARGE SUMMARIES
Setting: inpatient rehabilitation facility
Kim W, Charchian B, Chang E, Liang L, Dumas A, Perez M, Siebens H, Kim HS. Strengthening information capture in rehabilitation discharge summaries: An application of the Siebens Domain Management Model. PM&R 2013; 5:182 188.
March 2013
Significance: This is the first study to quantify improvements in discharge summary content when the SDMM was integrated into the discharge summary template. As a consultant to the project, Dr. Siebens supplied a score sheet for discharge reports. Inter-rater reliability of the score sheet was established, then whether items were addressed or not were scored as present, absent, or not applicable by the research physicians. The data clearly showed a statistically significant improvement in relevant information capture comparing reports before and after.
SDMM use – from 34% of items present to 53%. This occurred for Domains I, II, and IV and a trend for increase in Domain III.
HIP FRACTURE REHABILITATION
Siebens HC, Sharkey P, Aronow HU et al Outcomes and weight-bearing status during rehabilitation after arthroplasty for hip fractures. PM&R 2012;4:548-55. CME designated status. OPEN ACCESS
www.pmrjournal.org/article/S1934-1482(12)00235-3/references
August 2012
Significance: This is the first clinical research study to introduce the SDMM as an approach to organize numerous clinical variables systematically and in a way that any discipline could understand. Patient-related characteristics and treatments, as well as environmentally related variables were readily placed into 1 of these 4 domains (p. 551).
MEDICAL EDUCATION TEXTBOOK
Caring for Older Adults: The Siebens Domain Management Model in Bickely, LS. Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 11th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013 p.966. Also in the 10th edition in 2009 (p.933).
Significance: This textbook is used in many medical schools. The editor of the chapter on older adults, on learning about the SDMM, included it in a table for the Provider History and Physical Reports format.
NURSING EDUCATION TEXTBOOK
Caring for Older Adults: The Siebens Domain Management Model in Hogan. Quigley B, Palm ML, Bickley B. Bates Nursing Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking (1st Ed) Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2012, p. 878.
Significance: In this first edition of the Bates textbook adapter for nursing education, the table mentioned above using the SDMM was retained, indicating the applicability to nursing care.
OVERVIEW OF SDMM CONCEPTS
Siebens H. Proposing a Practical Clinical Model. Invited Commentary in Medical Phenomenology and Stroke Rehabilitation: The Tales We Spin Together. Gary Goldberg BASc, MD, Editor. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2011;18:60-65.
Significance: This brief overview of SDMM concepts was invited by the issue editor who himself used the SDMM in the inpatient rehabilitation care of head trauma patients. The concepts and clinical examples originally published a few years earlier remain current.
PORTABLE PROFILES (PERSONAL HEALTH INFORMATION)
Siebens H. The CARF Portable Profile – A Standard, A Process, A Tool. CARF Connection 2011
http://www.carf.org/PortableProfile/
Significance: This article reviews the considerations about CARF’s portable profile standard. This standard, which was initiated around 2005 in the stroke rehabilitation standards, was designed to improve partnering among persons served, their families, and multiple health care providers. The overall principles, like adding value to the healthcare experience and putting into practice the portable health profile remain current.
REHABILITATION MEDICINE TEXTBOOK
Clark GS, Kortebein P, Siebens HC. Aging and Rehabilitation. In: DeLisa J, Gans B, eds. DeLisa’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice. 5th Edition. Wolters Kluwer Health: J.B. Lippincott Company 2010, pp. 1545-1585. see pages 1564-66.
Significance: The DeLisa textbook is a renowned rehabilitation medicine text. The SDMM is described briefly in this chapter as operationalizing the biopsychosocial model. The importance of each of the four domains is highlighted as especially important in the rehabilitation of older adults. The SDMM also appeared in the 4th edition in 2005.
HEALTH CARE NOTEBOOKS
Siebens H. Siebens Health Care Notebook. CARF International, Tucson. 2008.
Significance: The patient care notebook concept was proven to be clinically helpful in two quality improvement studies listed below (2001 and 2005). The Notebook was designed using health care literacy considerations and the SDMM’s four domains. The plain English names for the domains are headings for four of the six Notebook sections. CARF International was the sole distributor from 2008 - 2017. Two clinical programs have researched use of The Notebook.
COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT OF OLDER ADULTS
Aronow, HU, Siebens H. Community Assessment in the Encyclopedia of Elder Care: The Comprehensive Resource on Geriatric and Social Care. Mezey MD, Berkman BJ, Callahan CM et al (Eds) Springer Publishing, New York 2008.
Significance: This review chapter explains that the SDMM can apply to the assessment process of older adults in the community.
GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION
Bryant M, Alfano AP, Siebens H. Use of the Siebens Domain Management Model to Document Use of the Six ACGME Core Competencies in Graduate Medical Education. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007; 87:E50-60 (poster 177)
September 2007
Significance: The physician educators in this project identified that teaching the SDMM to their residents in physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) helped address elements of all six core graduate medical education competencies – patient care, medical knowledge, practice-based learning and improvement, interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, and systems-based practice.
GERIATRIC REHABILITATION RESEARCH
Lee, LW, Siebens H. 12. Geriatric Rehabilitation in LoCicero J, Rosenthal RA, Katlic MR, Pompei P eds. A Supplement to New Frontiers in Geriatrics Research – An Agenda for Surgical and Related Medical Specialties. American Geriatrics Society, New York, 2007. pp 301-346.
Significance: The authors cite the SDMM as one empiric, practical model to guide rehabilitation planning and teamwork. They cite that errors in management of patients with disability can occur from lack of information in these domains.
OLDER ADULTS WITH MULTIPLE CONDITIONS
Setting: emergency departments
Regional Geriatric Programs – Geriatric Emergency Management. Provincial Interim Report 2005-2006. Submitted to the Ministry of Health & Long-Term Care
November 15, 2006
Significance: This program incorporated the SDMM as one of four elements in an intervention designed to improve emergency care of at risk older adults. Preliminary outcome evaluation was suggestive of benefits to the program overall.
HEALTH CARE NOTEBOOKS
Setting: inpatient rehabilitation facility
Siebens H, Randall P. The Patient Care Notebook: From Pilot Phase to Success-ful Hospitalwide Dissemination. Jt Comm J Qual Safety 2005; 31:398-405.
July 2005
Significance: This quality improvement study showed that a patient care notebook, provided to patients on admission to a rehabilitation unit to organize their care and to take home, was able to expand from a 15-bed unit pilot study (see Siebens et al 2001) to an entire rehabilitation hospital (over 250 beds). This study, along with others, identified a patient-owned binder to improve communication between clinical teams, patients, and families.
INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION of FUNCTIONING, DISABILITY, and HEALTH (ICF) – TEXTBOOK CHAPTER
Stineman, MG, Lollar DJ, Ustun TB. Chapter 49. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: ICF Empowering Rehabilitation through an Operational Bio-Psycho-Social Model. In DeLisa JA, Gans BM. Eds. Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation – Principles and Practice. 4th ed. 2005 pp. 1099-1108
Significance: These authors, involved with the development of the World Health Organization’s ICF, identify that among the ICF changes from the former ICIDH is the introduction of the environment of persons served. They note that this broadened focus is also present in the SDMM.
ACUTELY ILL OLDER ADULTS
Setting: emergency departments
Siebens H. The Domain Management Model – A Tool for Teaching and Management of Older Adults in Emergency Departments. Acad Emerg Med 2005;12:162-168.
February 2005
Significance: This article summarizes the SDMM’s possible applications to improving emergency department services for older adults. Specific case histories are provided to demonstrate the challenges. Examples of SDMM potential benefits suggested include: 1) improved communication using the standard domains; 2) education of health care staff; 3) facilitation of team care; 4) improving flow of relevant information; 5) improved decision making, and 6) facilitation of more meaningful interactions with patients. The article was an invited Special Contribution based on a presentation to the geriatric Special Interest Group of the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine.
GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION
Siebens H, Tucker J, Leander K. The Use of Geriatrics at Your Fingertips: A Pocket Guide to Educate Physiatrists in Geriatric Care. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1552-54
September 2004
Significance: This study documented learning by PM&R residents through using a pocket guide in their direct inpatient care of patients. The guide met criteria for effective continuing medical education – convenience, relevance, and individualization (i.e. it allows learner input into what is learned). While inpatient rehabilitation requires clinical information in all four of the SDMM domains, residents needed and found information primarily in the first two domains (I. Medical/Surgical Issues and II. Mental Status/Emotions/Coping).
Geriatrics Pocket Guide
Reuben D et al. Geriatrics At Your Fingertips. American Geriatrics Society, Blackwell Science, Malden, 2002, p. 4.
Significance: This pocket guide identified key areas requiring assessment in older patients. Dr. Siebens recommended these be re-ordered differently using the four domains for improved logic flow. She provided one editor with the first publication (2001) describing the SDMM, and the re-arrangement was incorporated in the 2002 GAYF edition.
BRIDGING BETWEEN HEALTH CARE AND CARE IN THE COMMUNITY
Moscowitz B. Bridging to Family and Community Support for Older Adults and the Domain Management Model. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2002;9:75-86
Significance: Through clinical examples, a social worker describes the challenges in helping older adults with chronic illness and functional impairments. The SDMM is listed as a way to efficiently organize key issues like patients’ coping capacities and their home environments. Looking at the entire situation, e.g. all SDMM domains, helped identify when and to which community services referrals could be key. These appropriate referrals could prevent emergency department visits and help keep individuals living safely in their own home in the community.
STROKE REHABILITATION IN SKILLED NURSING FACILITIES
Siebens H, Kelly N, Pu C. The Domain Management Model: A Tool to Help Organize Care of Stroke Survivors in Skilled Nursing Facilities. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2002;9:60-74
Significance: The authors, all providers in skilled nursing facilities, review how the SDMM can help 1) organize rehabilitation care to be sure all relevant clinical problems are identified, 2) provide a standard structure for team conferences, 3) manage problems, and 4) structure brief discharge notes to ensure key issues are noted.
CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Hesse K, Siebens H. Clinical Information Systems for Primary Care: More Than Just an Electronic Medical Record. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2002;9:39-59
Significance: The physician authors describe the evolving use of electronic medical records in primary care practices focused on older adults. The various benefits and challenges together yielded overall improved clinical care, especially for patients with multiple interacting problems. The SDMM was used by one provider in the group, was incorporated into her templates, and received positive feedback from chart auditors and some other colleagues.
STROKE REHABILITATION
Black-Schaffer, RM. Communication Among Levels of Care for Stroke Patients. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2002;9:26-38
Significance: The challenges of communication among levels of care in a non-electronic medical record setting are detailed, while the opportunity for improved communication through standardization is explored with some preliminary pilot data on information in discharge summaries. One suggestion is that the SDMM could be applied to inpatient rehabilitation physician summaries as well as for interdisciplinary patient summaries. One example is provided in an Appendix.
HEALTH CARE NETWORKS
O’Malley T, Storto DE. Integration of a Patient’s Care within a Health Care Network. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2002;9:87-88
Significance: The potential of networks to add value to patient care depends to some extent on shared information systems. The specific potential for the SDMM to provide a common framework for all staff and for information exchange is acknowledged.
STROKE REHABILITATION
Siebens H. The Domain Management Model: Organizing Care for Stroke Survivors and Other Persons with Chronic Diseases. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2002;9:1-25.
Significance: The SDMM concepts, including the four domains and their application over time, are explained with multiple references. Historical antecedents, each domain’s sub-domains, examples of current and potential applications, and barriers to implementations with possible solutions are all discussed.
HEALTH CARE NOTEBOOKS
Setting: inpatient rehabilitation facility
Siebens H, Weston H, Parry D, Cooke E, Knight R, Rosato R. The Patient Care Notebook -Quality Improvement on a Rehabilitation Unit. Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement. 2001;27:555-567
October 2001
Significance: This quality improvement project tested the benefits of proactively giving patients, on admission to a rehabilitation unit, a well-organized patient care notebook. During the rehabilitation stay, appropriate information was added. Results showed decreased calls back to the unit after discharge. Staff acknowledged that patient education was shifted to occur during the entire hospital stay.
SIEBENS DOMAIN MANAGEMENT MODEL
Siebens H. Applying the Domain Management Model in Treating Patients with Chronic Disease. Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement. 2001;27:302-314
June 2001
Significance: This article was an adaptation from an invited presentation at The Picker Institute‘s Sixth Annual Symposium in July 2000. The SDMM is described as a systematic classification of patients’ clinical problems and their management. As such, it is a concise conceptual model – a “mental model” – that can guide care, help teach, standardize documentation, and serve as a basis for health services research and quality improvement efforts. The two organizing constructs are the four domains on an “x” axis and time, including identification of process factors (assessments and plans), outcomes and care settings on the “y” axis.
Other references citing the SDMM
Hospital Readmissions
Alper E, O’Malley T, Greewald J. Hospital Discharge and Readmission. UpToDate®
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/hospital-discharge-and-readmission
SDMM referenced as a model to help identify hospitalized patients’ needs in order to match those needs with the appropriate next care setting.
Biopsychosocial model and SDMM MODEL AND SDMM
The Biopsychosocial Model of Medicine – a concept that comes easily to rehab professionals. CONSULT QD, Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, July 6, 2015
https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/2015/07/the-biopsychosocial-model-of-medicine/
Article on Noll Lecture given at the Cleveland Clinic, Department of PM&R on the SDMM and the Biopsychosocial Model.
TRAUMA
Ekblad S, Mollica RF, Fors U, Pantziaras I, Lavelle J. Educational potential of a virtual patient system for caring for traumatized patients in primary care. BMC Medical Education 2013;13:110
In this study’s Discussion, the SDMM is described as “(providing) a standard approach and language to the entire clinical care process consistent with the principles of evidence and culture-based medicine. The SDMM is a practical application of the biopsychosocial approach first described by Engel…”
Ekblad S, Kastrup MC. Current research in transcultural psychiatry in the Nordic countries. Transcultural Psychiatry 2013;50:841-857
In the Discussion section, “The Siebens Domain Management Model (SDMM) is a proposal to include spiritual issues for a practical clinical model that may bridge the gap between the perspectives of health care providers and individuals’ life worlds (Siebens, 2011). This theoretical model integrates biomedical and the holistic biopsychosocial models but does not give explicit attention to traumatic life events.”
Mollica R. Medical best practices for torture survivors. Torture 2011;21:8-17
This reference highlights the need for using the biopsychosocial model as the most promising manner to “think about cause and effect and linking the latter to treatment” in this patient population.
FALLS PREVENTION
Falls Prevention Literature Review, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Falls can be caused by many factors that can be organized based on the SDMM. This literature review organized research articles based on the four domains with some interventions addressing multiple domains simultaneously.
STROKE REHABILITATION
Baseman S, Fisher K, Ward L, Bhattacharya A. The relationship of physicalfunction to social integration after stroke. J Neurosci Nurs. 2010;42:237-44.
Dr. Baseman (DrNP, APRN) reports: "These results support the concept that care for patients with chronic conditions like stroke should address all domains of the individual -- physical, psychosocial, and environmental -- and that care directed at a single domain (such as physical functioning) may be too limited to deal effectively and comprehensively with such patients (Siebens 2002) (p. 242)."